浔江防洪堤对西江中下游洪水的归槽影响

基于河道洪水演算原理,建立符合河流水力特性及其变化规律的边滩滞洪水库调节法流量演算模型、校正因数法水位演算模型,利用实测洪水和防洪堤资料进行归槽或还原演算,综合分析防洪堤对洪水归槽的影响。保护区滞洪容积占次洪水总量9．50％的浔江防洪堤对西江中下游洪水过程的归槽影响大于对洪峰的归槽影响,而且洪水类型和干支流组合不同,影响的程度也不相同：对流量过程、洪峰流量影响的最大归槽流量、最大归槽流量比重分别为3680m^3／s、9．63％,2700m^3／s、5．90％,对水位过程、洪峰水位影响的最大变幅为0．60、0．22m。浔江防洪堤造成的洪水归槽并未显著改变西江中下游洪水特性,干支流洪水遭遇、区间降雨和雨洪重叠仍然是形成西江中下游大洪水的主要因素,西江中下游洪涝频繁是气候和流域环境变化综合影响的结果。     

Prediction of human reach posture using a neural network for ergonomic man models

For proper evaluation of operator's usability through ergonomic man models, accurate prediction of human reach is one of the essential functions that those models should possess. This study examined the applicability of artificial neural networks to the prediction of human reach posture. The three-dimensional motion trajectories of the joints of upper limb (shoulder, elbow, and wrist) in the right arm from 5 percentile female to 95 percentile male were obtained through a motion analysis system that photographed actual human reach. The data obtained were divided into two data sets — training data set and test data set. The backpropagation method being usually used for a pattern associator was employed as a tool for predicting such human movements. Comparisons between prediction and real measurements were made using a pairwise t-test, and no significant differences were found between the two data sets for all the joints considered. Thus, the neural network approach adopted in this study showed a very promising prediction capability of human reach and it is, therefore, expected that this method be used to accurately simulate human reach better than existing heuristic or analytic methods as well as to improve a human modelling capability in general.     

正面吊司机室FOPS受冲击时的动态响应分析

采用MSC.Patran/Marc软件,建立了正面吊司机室落物保护结构(FOPS)受冲击时的有限元分析模型,依据国际标准ISO 6055的要求,对FOPS动载试验和冲击下落试验分别进行模拟分析,得到了在冲击载荷作用下结构的应力、变形等响应参数,并对比相应技术标准进行了安全性分析,为正面吊FOPS的优化设计提供了结构冲击强度的参考数据,同时也为其它工程机械FOPS抗冲击强度设计起到参考和借鉴的作用.     

金沙江建库对重庆河段泥沙淤积的影响

通过平面二维水沙数学模型,分析了金沙江建库前后重庆河段的泥沙淤积情况.结果表明,金沙江无库情况下,重庆河段在水库运用初期出现累积性淤积,随着水库运行时间增加,部分浅滩河段可能产生碍航问题;金沙江建库后,整个重庆河段长江干流呈现冲刷趋势,但支流金沙碛河段淤积情况和上游无库时差别不大.     

裁弯取直技术在黄河下游大宫至王庵河段的应用

黄河下游为典型的游荡性河段,横河、斜河等畸形河势时有发生,从理论和实践两方面论证了裁弯取直工程是规顺黄河下游畸形河势、减小两岸工程出险几率的一种有效措施.着重介绍了黄河下游大宫至王庵河段裁弯取直工程的方法和措施,可作为其他畸形河势治理时参考.     

裸眼完井下的大位移井裂缝起裂研究

随着大位移井数量的增加，大位移井压裂逐渐成为油气藏的一种重要增产技术手段，大位移井水力压裂裂缝起裂与直井，普通定向井有显差别，其起裂模式不仅与井眼轨迹（井斜角，方位角等）有关，而且还与地应力方位密切相关，以往的斜井裂缝起裂模式已经不能满足大位移井压裂设计的需要。考虑作业条件，压裂液渗滤效应和孔隙压力的影响，建立了大位移井井筒周围应力场分布模型，提出了裂缝起裂压力和起到方位预测模型，并分析了不同构造应力范围对大位移井压裂裂缝起裂的影响，计算结果表明，建立的模型完全适用于大位移井压裂设计的需要。     

三峡水库175 m试验性蓄水过程水文泥沙分析

为掌握三峡水库175 m试验性蓄水过程中库区水位、流量、含沙量变化过程,通过三峡库区寸滩、清溪场、万县、朱沱（三）水文站实测的水位、流量、含沙量、水面比降资料,分析了蓄水过程中三峡库区沿程水面比降、库区水文站的水位流量关系、含沙量变化、库区冲淤变化等。分析结果为认识掌握三峡水库175 m蓄水后库区水文泥沙的变化规律积累了资料,对探索三峡库区水文泥沙的监测方式和分析研究将具有积极作用。     

试析学生德育记实考评的做法

本文从思想工作应该“康事实做”出发,讨论如何做好大学生德育纪实考评工作,提出了应该“思想到位”以提高认识,“措施到位”以建立规范,“工作到位”以保证落实。     

Effects of age and gender on maximum voluntary range of motion of the upper body joints

The maximum voluntary range of motion (ROM) of the major joints of the upper body was studied in a seated position and compared between young and elderly subjects. A total of 41 subjects (22 young male and female subjects aged 25 to 35 years, 19 elderly male and female subjects aged 65 to 80 years) took part in the experiment. In total, 13 maximum voluntary joint motions were performed by each subject. Age was found to have a non-uniform effect on the ROM of the joints investigated in this study. Its effect on ROM was joint specific and motion specific. The highest loss in ROM was observed in the neck and trunk, especially for neck extension, lateral flexion and axial rotation as well as for trunk lateral flexion and axial rotation. No significant age differences were observed in the elbow and wrist joint ROMs. The effect of gender on joint ROM was much weaker than that of age. Only four among the 26 joint ROMs investigated in this study were significantly different between the two gender groups.     

三峡水库运行后宜昌-城陵矶河段冲刷重心下移与时空演变

三峡大坝下游河道的冲刷发展影响着长江中下游的防洪、航运及区域经济发展。本文以宜昌至城陵矶河段约400 km长河段为研究对象,基于2002—2018年河道的来水来沙、泥沙粒径和横断面形态观测资料,计算并分析河道垂向冲淤、横向摆动、平滩面积、平滩水深和冲淤量的变化,根据河道平面形态将研究河段划分为32个子河段,对子河段平均平滩面积和平滩水深的变化速率进行分级,引入空间聚类分析方法,对冲刷强度等级最高的河段在时空尺度上分布进行聚类分析,研究河道冲刷重心的时空迁移规律。结果表明,三峡水库运用后下游河道经历了蓄水初期冲刷较强（2003—2007）、175 m正常蓄水运用后冲刷减弱（2008—2012）和上游梯级水库运用后冲刷增强（2013—2018）的三个阶段;空间上,宜昌至枝城及上荆江河段普遍冲刷,以弯曲型为主的下荆江河道以冲为主,但冲淤交替频繁,同时冲淤强度具有随时间衰减的特点;冲刷重心具有向下游迁移的趋势,在三峡水库蓄水初期冲刷重心向下迁移较快,之后减缓,上游梯级水库运用后,冲刷重心下移速率明显加快,之后再次减缓,2003—2018年冲刷重心平均下移速率约7.5 km/a。